Asian Research Journal of Agriculture

Soil Solarization an Effective Method for Disinfection of Soil: A Review

Ravindra Jadhav, Anurag Kumar Singh, Prasad Margal — Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Plastic sheets are placed over wet soil during times of high ambient temperature to manage soil-borne pests without using pesticides. The top layers are heated by the plastic sheets ability to trap solar radiation in the soil. During the sweltering summer months, Solarization may raise the temperature of the soil to such an extent that it kills nematodes, weed seed, and seedlings, as well as several disease-causing organisms (pathogens). It is simple to utilize on a little or large scale and doesn't leave any harmful residues. In addition to improving soil structure, soil Solarization raises the availability of nitrogen (N) and other vital nutrients for plants. Field, vegetable and flower crops, as well as orchards, vineyards, greenhouses and gardens have all benefited from the straightforward, secure, and efficient process of Solarization. For increased efficacy, it can be used in conjunction with organic soil amendments or at lower pesticide treatment rates. Solarized soil frequently results in significant improvements in plant growth, harvestable output and crop quality, which can last for several growing seasons. In the warmer regions, there is great potential for employing soil Solarization to manage pests and diseases.

Plant Parasitic Nematodes: Challenges and Way Forward for Sustainable Agriculture

Nilotpal Das, Hasim Kamal Mallick — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are a significant but under-recognised threat to global agricultural productivity, causing substantial yield losses in cereal, pulse, oilseed, vegetable and horticultural crops. These microscopic soil-borne pests damage root systems, impair nutrient and water absorption, and predispose plants to secondary bacterial and fungal infections, thereby intensifying crop health problems. Traditional PPN management has depended heavily on chemical nematicides; however, their high cost, persistence in the environment, non-target effects and increasing regulatory restrictions have reduced their long-term suitability. Climate change, intensive cropping systems and declining soil biodiversity may further increase nematode pressure in many agroecosystems. Sustainable nematode management therefore requires an ecological and integrated approach. Recent evidence indicates that resistant and tolerant cultivars, crop rotation and diversification, organic amendments, biological control agents and soil-health-based practices can reduce nematode populations while supporting ecosystem services. Emerging tools, including molecular diagnostics, genomics-assisted breeding and precision agriculture, provide opportunities for earlier detection, targeted intervention and improved understanding of nematode-plant-microbe interactions. This review consolidates current challenges associated with plant-parasitic nematodes and outlines future directions for sustainable management strategies that prioritise productivity, environmental safety and long-term soil resilience. Strengthening farmer awareness, policy support and interdisciplinary research will be essential for translating these strategies into practical and scalable solutions for sustainable agriculture.

Application of Beneficial Microbes to Enhance Agronomic Performance and Soil Health in Problematic Soils: Mechanisms, Challenges and Climate-resilient Agricultural Systems

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Problematic soils, including saline, drought-affected, nutrient-deficient, acidic, and heavy metal-contaminated soils, represent major constraints to global agricultural productivity and soil sustainability. These unfavourable soil conditions disrupt nutrient availability, microbial activity, water uptake, and plant physiological processes, ultimately reducing crop growth and yield. Furthermore, prolonged environmental stresses often contribute to diminishing microbial populations, reducing the abundance and activity of beneficial microorganisms involved in nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and plant stress adaptation. Consequently, microbial inoculation has emerged as a promising eco-friendly strategy for restoring soil biological functions and improving agronomic performance under stressful environmental conditions.

This review aimed to evaluate the application of beneficial microbes in problematic soils through bibliometric and systematic literature review approaches. Bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer revealed increasing research trends related to rhizosphere microbiology, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), microbial diversity, diminishing microbial populations, salinity stress, drought stress, and sustainable agriculture. The systematic review demonstrated that beneficial microbes, including PGPR, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and microbial consortia, significantly improve plant growth, nutrient uptake, chlorophyll content, stress tolerance, and crop productivity under various problematic soil conditions. In addition, microbial inoculation enhances soil health through improved nutrient cycling, microbial activity, soil enzyme activities, soil aggregation, and remediation of salinity and heavy metal toxicity. Despite challenges related to field performance variability, limited microbial survival, environmental variability, and insufficient farmer awareness, beneficial microbes remain promising biological agents for supporting sustainable and climate-resilient agricultural systems while reducing dependence on synthetic agricultural inputs.

A Comprehensive Review of Natural Farming: Principles, Ecological Mechanisms, and Global Sustainability Potential

Koushik Roy, Litan Das — Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Natural farming has emerged as one of the most widely discussed alternatives to input-intensive agriculture, promoted variously as zero budget natural farming, agroecology, and community-managed farming systems across South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of Europe. This review synthesises the conceptual foundations, ecological mechanisms, and empirical evidence surrounding natural farming, situating it within the broader agroecological and organic farming literature. It traces the historical development of natural farming from its early philosophical roots to its present institutionalisation within state-led programmes, most notably the Andhra Pradesh Community-managed Natural Farming initiative in India. The review examines the soil microbial, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity mechanisms that underlie claimed productivity and resilience benefits, and it critically appraises the yield, income, biodiversity, and human health evidence base, including areas of continuing scientific disagreement such as yield stability, soil carbon sequestration potential, and greenhouse gas balances. Particular attention is given to the socio-economic dimensions of adoption, policy architecture, and the structural constraints that limit scaling across diverse agroecological and institutional contexts. The review concludes that natural farming offers a scientifically plausible, though heterogeneously evidenced, pathway toward more sustainable food systems, with outcomes strongly mediated by local soil, climate, crop, and market conditions rather than universally guaranteed. Future research priorities, policy implications, and methodological limitations of the existing evidence base are discussed.

Water Stress Tolerance at Different Growth Stages in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in the Far North Region of Cameroon

Linda Charlotte Kewang Akiki, Philippe Kosma, Liliane Iyalé — Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Cowpea is a protein-rich legume essential for food security in sub-Saharan Africa, but its productivity is increasingly constrained by drought and irregular rainfall patterns.

Objective: To address intra-seasonal drought episodes when they occur at critical stages of the crop and to mitigate the resulting decline in yield in Cameroon, it is necessary to identify and understand the mechanisms of water-stress tolerance in accessions at different stages of their growth cycle.

Methodology: One hundred and seventy-three cowpea accessions and one control variety were evaluated under two factors (genotype and developmental stage) for their response to different water conditions. The agro-morphological and physiological parameters of the plants were assessed per bag in a randomized complete block design with three replications. An intermittent water-deficit treatment covering both the vegetative and reproductive stages was studied.

Results and Discussion: The results show that water stress negatively affects agro-morphological and physiological variables, considerably reducing their performance, and that its effect is more noticeable during the second water stress. Nevertheless, water stress caused a greater increase in chlorophyll content in the majority of accessions during the second water stress (SH2), from the vegetative stage to flowering, which led to a decrease in final productivity because of their inability to manage light energy (photoinhibition). Accessions A161, A108, A106, A1 and A151 proved to be accessions of choice in terms of pod production, seed production, root size per plant and water-stress tolerance. Accessions A12, A45, A93, A105, A146 and A167 also proved to be accessions of choice in terms of greenness, recovery rate, chlorophyll content and water-stress tolerance, outperforming the control variety A140 in performance. The identification of these accessions could be used in breeding programs to improve cowpea tolerance at the vegetative and/or reproductive stages and could help increase yield.

Conclusion: Based on yield-related traits, root length and responses to water deficit, the study revealed that accessions A161, A108, A106, A1 and A151 were identified as promising drought-tolerant accessions.

A Study of the Institutional and Economic Performance of Farmer-producer Organizations in Hisar District of Haryana, India

Jyoti Jangra, Manak Chand Soni, Vinita Rajput, Sunil Kumar — Wed, 27 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Farmer-Producer Organizations (FPOs) are increasingly recognized as key institutional mechanisms for enhancing smallholder competitiveness, market integration, and income security in India. This study assesses the institutional performance, governance practices, diversification strategies, technology adoption, marketing structure, and economic viability of eight selected FPOs in Hisar district, Haryana. Primary data were collected from 200 member farmers and FPO officials during 2022-24 and analyzed using descriptive and comparative methods. The findings reveal significant heterogeneity across FPOs. Organizations with higher active membership, regular board meetings, and wider geographic outreach demonstrated stronger institutional foundations. Diversification into high-value horticulture, processing, and allied activities, along with moderate digital adoption, contributed to improved operational efficiency and market access. Institutional sales constituted a substantial share of total transactions, and annual sales revenues ranged between ₹25-30 lakhs with modest but stable profitability. However, financial gains were not uniformly distributed among members, indicating the need for more inclusive governance and benefit-sharing mechanisms. The study concludes that strengthening social capital, professional management, digital capacity, and value addition infrastructure is critical for enhancing the long-term sustainability of FPOs in semi-arid agricultural regions.

Nigeria’s Land Border Closure and Effects on Agripreneurship, Rural Livelihoods and Agricultural Markets in Southwest Border Communities

K. A. Abdu-Raheem, A. O. Adekunmi, A. O. Kolawole, I. P. Adebusuyi — Fri, 05 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Nigeria’s land border closure policy was implemented to curb smuggling, promote domestic agricultural production, and enhance food security. However, evidence shows that its micro-level effects on agripreneurship and rural livelihoods in border communities are limited. This study examines the effects of Nigeria’s land border closure on agripreneurship and rural livelihoods in selected Nigeria–Benin border communities of Ogun and Oyo States, Southwest Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, using primary data collected from 140 agripreneurs engaged in agricultural production, trading, transportation, and processing. A multistage sampling technique was employed, and the data were analysed using descriptive statistics and paired sample t-tests. The results reveal significant variations in livelihood outcomes across actors in the agricultural value chain. While some local producers experienced temporary market protection and increased demand for domestically produced commodities, traders, transporters, and processors recorded significant declines in income, revenue, and working hours during the border closure period. Overall, the border communities experienced reduced employment opportunities due to increased transaction costs and disruptions in agricultural commodity markets. The findings reveal an uneven distribution of benefits from the border closure, with livelihood losses outweighing gains for most agripreneurs. The study concludes that although border closure policies may support short-term domestic production objectives, their implementation without adequate complementary measures can undermine agripreneurial sustainability and rural livelihoods in border communities. It recommends integrating targeted support mechanisms, improved rural infrastructure, value chain diversification, and flexible, evidence-based trade management strategies to mitigate adverse effects on livelihoods. The study contributes to agricultural trade policy discourse by providing micro-level evidence on the livelihood implications of protectionist trade measures in developing economies.

Marketing Practices of Commercial and Backyard Poultry Farmers in Lalitpur District of Bundelkhand Region, Uttar Pradesh, India

Majboot Singh, Deepak Singh, Ved Prakash, Arun Kumar, Priscilla Kerketta — Mon, 08 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Poultry farming serves as a reliable source of income and employment, particularly for women and unemployed youth in rural areas. The present study was conducted in the Lalitpur district of the Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh, during the year 2024-2025 to examine the marketing practices of commercial and backyard poultry farmers. A total of 100 respondents, comprising 50 commercial and 50 backyard poultry farmers, were selected randomly from 20 villages across four tehsils of the district. Primary data were collected through a pre-tested interview schedule and analysed using simple percentage analysis. The findings revealed that the majority of farmers (69.00%) preferred to sell poultry products in the evening, while backyard farmers showed a relatively balanced preference between morning (52.00%) and evening (48.00%). In terms of selling points, backyard farmers mainly sold their products at their own door (54.00%), whereas commercial farmers largely depended on middlemen (78.00%). Overall, middlemen were the most common marketing channel (46.00%). The study further indicated that financial need was the sole reason for selling poultry products among all respondents. Backyard farmers showed moderate levels of egg and bird sales, whereas commercial farmers operated on a much larger scale with higher sales volumes. Additionally, backyard farmers tended to sell birds at a younger age, while commercial farmers preferred selling at older ages. The study highlights clear differences in marketing practices between commercial and backyard poultry farmers and emphasises the need for improved market access and support systems to enhance farmers’ income and efficiency.

Chemical Characteristics of Peat Soil on Oil Palm (Elaeis geuineensis Jacq.) Plantations in Puan Cepak Village, Muara Kaman District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency

Raden Mas Nurhartanto, Siti Aesyah, Zulkarnain, Abdul Rahmi — Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The use of peat soil for agricultural development faces many obstacles related to the natural properties of peat, including its relatively high acidity. Peatland is a marginal land area targeted for agricultural use, including oil palm cultivation. This study aims to assess the chemical characteristics of peat soil in oil palm plantations. This research was conducted from June to August 2024. Sampling was conducted at a 15 year old oil palm plantation owned by PT. Prima Mitrajaya Mandiri in Puan Cepak Village, Muara Kaman District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency. Soil chemical analysis was conducted at the Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mulawarman. Sampling was conducted using a purposive sampling method, where the points were deliberately determined based on certain criteria. Five observation locations were selected at two different depths: 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm, resulting in 10 peat soil samples. The results of the study showed that peat soil in oil palm plantations reacted very acidic to acidic (pH 3.11 – 4.54), organic C content was classified as very high (12.64 – 25.77%), available P was classified as very low to very high (2.38 – 21,92 ppm), total N was classified as low to moderate (0.16 – 0.44%), C/N ratio was classified as very high (38.30 - 135.63), total K was classified as moderate to very high (10.92 – 101.98 ppm), soil CEC was classified as moderate to very high (20.80 – 93.20 cmol kg^-1), and base saturation was classified as very low to low (8.07 – 48.67%).

Sectoral Shift of Agricultural Labours: An Evidence in U.T. of Puducherry, India

E. Thanu Vaishnubharathi, T. Sivasakthi Devi, N. Swaminathan, S. Saravanan — Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Over the past decades the contribution of farm labour has been decreasing due to occupational change, low wages, irregular employment, government policies and reforms. The severe shortage of agricultural labourers in the state has compelled farmers to transition from agricultural practices to non-agricultural activities. Structural changes in the cropping pattern resulting from labour scarcity were analysed using the Markov chain approach over a ten-year period. The result indicated that mmong them paddy has the highest retention probability with 64 per cent followed by Sugarcane retained 54 per cent and other crops. The study revealed a discernible shift in the cropping pattern, with the transition predominantly favouring the cultivation of less labour-intensive crops. The analysis of the supply–demand gap in agricultural labour further indicated that labour demand exceeded labour supply during the months of November and December, thereby reflecting the severity of labour scarcity prevailing in the study area during this period. Paddy and sugarcane demanded maximum labour in the month of December and November which coincided with harvesting and sowing operation of groundnut crops. Spatio-temporal changes map shown in agricultural labour in the patterns of distribution of agricultural labourers in areas of high decrease (above 1 per cent) in the proportion of agricultural labour were comprised of five villages of the state. Similarly, area of low decrease (below 1 per cent) has occurred over three zones of the state and areas of increase (0.02 - 4 per cent) indicated that an increase in the proportion of agricultural labour has been witnessed in a nine zones in U.T of Puducherry. Finally, the study suggested that the farm mechanization has to be encouraged among the small and marginal farmers. Further, it suggested that the MGNREGA has be implemented during the lean season.

Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Sesame Drying Machine for Small-scale Farmers

K. S. Subha, S. Jenifer, P. M. Samanthana, A. Inbaelavarasi, M. Amirthaswarna — Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Sesame is an economically important oilseed crop, and its processing efficiency greatly depends on maintaining appropriate thermal conditions during post-harvest handling and value-addition operations. Traditional heating practices used for roasting, drying is often difficult to control, leading to variations in seed quality, nutrient degradation, and reduced oil recovery. To overcome the problem, our project focuses on the design and development of a sesame heater that provides controlled, uniform, and energy-efficient heating to the thermal sensitivity of sesamum indicum. The developed system consists of an insulated heating chamber, and a natural airflow system designed to distribute heat uniformly across the seed bed. Key design parameters considered include safety mechanisms, and use of durable, food-grade materials. Performance evaluation involved assessing heat distribution uniformity, energy consumption, and the impact on seed characteristics such as colour, aroma, oil content, and oxidative stability. Experimental trials demonstrated that the developed sesame heater significantly improved heating uniformity compared to conventional systems, achieving consistent temperature distribution with minimal fluctuations. Results indicated enhanced process efficiency, reduced energy loss, and improved control over processing conditions. Treated sesame seeds exhibited better sensory attributes, higher oil yield, and reduced risk of quality deterioration. Overall, the newly designed sesame heater provides a reliable, scalable, and cost-effective solution for small- to medium-scale processors. Its controlled heating environment enhances product quality, improves operational efficiency, and contributes to greater value addition in the Sesamum indicum processing chain.

Effect Heat Stress on Wheat Genotypes Productivity under Different Sowing Dates at Eastern Sudan

Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Temperature plays a crucial role in determining the optimal sowing date. High temperatures during grain filling can lead to lower yields. While moisture levels also influence the optimal sowing date, with adequate moisture essential for healthy growth, wheat cultivars show significant variation in their response to sowing dates. The present investigation was carried out to determine superior cultivars under various sowing dates at the Eastern Sudan New Halfa conditions. A field experiment was carried out at New Halfa during the winter seasons 2017/018 and 2018/019 to study the effects of five sowing dates:20^th Oct (S1), 25^th Nov (S2), 30^th Nov (S3), 15^th Dec (S4) and 30^th Dec (S5) on productivity of The three wheat cultivars: Nebta (v1), Bohain (v2) and Debera (v3). The experiment was arranged in RCBD as split plot trail. All data were analyzing using Statistic (10). Means comparison was worked out using (DMRT) at 5% probability level. The results revealed that sowing dates and cultivars significantly affected phonological and yield attributes: number of spike/m², number of spikelets/spike, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield (kg/ha). Generally, Debera (V3) recorded the latest days to heading and maturity. But Nebta cultivar (V1) gave the highest numbers of spike /m2 and the heaviest 1000- grain weight, while Bohian (V2) gave the highest number of spikelets /spike. The heaviest 1000- grain weight was recorded in first sowing date (S1). The normal sowing date (S3) maximized grain yield (4277.3 kg/ha) for V3 cultivar, while the lower yield (1266.7 kg/ha) was recorded when sowing V1 at first sowing date in the first season. Sowing V3 at the normal sowing date S3 in the New Halfa area is the best choice for getting a higher grain yield. Further research is needed to identify the most suitable sowing dates for different wheat cultivars and to develop strategies for improving yields under varying environmental conditions.

Production Surplus, Marketing Behaviour and Problems of Pearl Millet Growers in Gird Region, Madhya Pradesh, India

Fri, 19 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is a drought-tolerant cereal crop cultivated under arid and semi-arid conditions, particularly in rainfed and low-fertility areas. The present study examined production surplus, marketing behaviour and constraints faced by pearl millet growers in the Gird region of Madhya Pradesh, India, during the agricultural year 2019-20. Morena district was purposively selected because of its importance in pearl millet production. A total of 90 pearl millet growers were selected through stratified random sampling and classified into small-scale (<2 ha), medium-scale (2-4 ha) and large-scale (>4 ha) farm groups, with 30 respondents in each group. Primary data on production, consumption, marketable surplus, marketed surplus and marketing constraints were collected through personal interviews. The average production of pearl millet was 14.00 qtl, 13.00 qtl and 14.80 qtl per farm for small-, medium- and large-scale farmers, respectively. Marketable surplus was highest among small-scale farmers (10.15 qtl), followed by medium-scale (7.77 qtl) and large-scale farmers (6.54 qtl). In contrast, marketed surplus was lower across all categories, at 4.00 qtl, 3.00 qtl and 2.66 qtl, respectively. The findings indicate that immediate cash requirements, inadequate storage and limited holding capacity influenced marketing decisions. The most frequently reported constraint was lack of transportation facilities (92.22%), followed by adverse weather conditions (81.11%), malpractices by middlemen (77.77%), high price fluctuations (75.55%), lack of improved varieties (72.22%) and inadequate marketing intelligence (71.11%). The study suggests that improved transport, storage, market information, access to improved seeds and institutional marketing support may improve market participation and returns for pearl millet growers in the region.

Study on Cost and Return of Kenaf Fibre (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Production at Farm Level in Different Areas of Bangladesh

Madhuri Rani Roy, Mujibul Hasan Chowdhury, Md. Babul Hossain, Md. Shafiqul Hasan — Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examined the farm-level costs and returns of kenaf fibre (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) production in five purposively selected districts of Bangladesh: Kishoreganj, Cumilla, Brahmanbaria, Rangpur and Kurigram. Primary data were collected during the 2022 cropping season from 100 kenaf farmers, with 20 respondents from each location, using pre-tested questionnaires. Information covered input use, variable and fixed costs, fibre and stick yields, output prices and returns. Data were analysed using cost and return analysis, break-even analysis and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) estimation. Average total variable cost was Tk. 75,948 ha⁻¹, and human labour was the largest cost component, accounting for approximately 70% of variable costs. Average total cost was Tk. 1,12,478 ha⁻¹, with Kishoreganj recording the highest total cost (Tk. 1,19,275 ha⁻¹), mainly due to higher labour and input expenses. Average fibre yield was 2,892 kg ha⁻¹, ranging from 2,470 kg ha⁻¹ in Brahmanbaria to 3,306 kg ha⁻¹ in Kishoreganj. Average stick yield was 4,949 kg ha⁻¹. Average gross return and gross margin over total variable cost were Tk. 2,00,316 ha⁻¹ and Tk. 1,24,367 ha⁻¹, respectively. The average break-even price and yield were Tk. 34.08 kg⁻¹ and 1,853 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. Average BCR on a total variable cost basis was 2.64, with Kurigram and Kishoreganj showing the highest values. The results indicate that kenaf fibre production was economically viable in the surveyed areas.

Morphological Characterisation of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Genotypes in Relation to Resistance against Aphid (Uroleucon compositae Theobald)

Avinash S. Mahale, C. U. Shinde, V. M. Khimani, Nisarg Panchal — Sat, 27 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present investigation was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2023-24 and 2024-25 under field conditions to identify morphological traits associated with resistance to the safflower aphid, Uroleucon compositae (Theobald), in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes. Twenty safflower varieties/genotypes were evaluated in a randomised complete block design with three replications, without adopting plant protection measures. Observations were recorded for quantitative traits, including plant height, days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity, and for qualitative traits, including leaf colour, leaf nature, flower colour, plant type and stem nature. Aphid infestation was assessed using foliage drying grade and Aphid Infestation Index. Considerable variation was observed among the tested genotypes for aphid response and morphological characters in both years. Based on pooled resistance classification, fourteen genotypes, namely PBNS 184, PBNS 40, SSF 1371, PBNS 12, PBNS 86, PBNS 154, GMU 4429, GMU 6026, GMU 1765, GMU 1603, GMU 3095, GMU 5032, GMU 3852 and SSF 1565, were categorised as moderately resistant. Four genotypes, namely GMU 1059, GMU 1287, GMU 3929 and GMU 774, were categorised as susceptible, while GMU 2944 and C-4 were highly susceptible. Quantitative traits did not show a consistent association with aphid resistance. In contrast, qualitative traits showed a clearer relationship with resistance behaviour. Moderately resistant genotypes were generally characterised by pale green, shiny and thin leaves, a spiny plant type, and hard and thick stems, whereas susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes generally possessed dark green, leathery thick leaves, succulent stems and predominantly non-spiny plant type. The findings indicate that qualitative morphological traits may be useful selection criteria in breeding programmes aimed at improving safflower resistance to aphids.

Evaluating the Perceived Effectiveness of Agricultural Extension Communication Channels in Disseminating Sunflower Production Information: Evidence from Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory, Myanmar

Naing Yan Hein, Soe Paing Oo, Nwaye Ei Khing Phyu, Aye Moe San — Tue, 07 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Agricultural extension communication channels are central to the dissemination of production-related knowledge, technologies and innovations, and they support farmers’ decision-making, technology adoption and productivity. This study evaluated the perceived effectiveness of public agricultural extension communication channels in disseminating sunflower production information among farmers in Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory, Myanmar. A cross-sectional survey design was used, and primary data were collected from 161 sunflower farmers through structured questionnaires administered during face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, mean rank and standard deviation, were used to analyse the data. The communication channels were classified into individual, group and mass communication approaches. The findings showed that group communication channels were perceived as the most effective overall, followed by individual communication channels, whereas mass communication channels were perceived as moderately effective. Among the individual methods, farm and home visits received the highest effectiveness rating. Within the group communication category, demonstration plots, group meetings, farmer field schools and training programmes were highly valued because they supported participatory learning, practical demonstration and knowledge sharing. Among the mass communication methods, television was perceived as the most effective channel, while radio was perceived as the least effective. The findings indicate that an integrated extension communication strategy combining group, individual and mass communication methods may improve information dissemination, support technology adoption among sunflower farmers and contribute to Myanmar’s edible oil self-sufficiency strategy.

Study on Marketing of Kinnow in Sri Ganganagar District of Rajasthan, India

Dinesh Kumar Saharn, Rebecca Nelson, Suresh Saharn — Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study examined the marketing of Kinnow in Sri Ganganagar district of Rajasthan, with specific reference to the socio-economic characteristics of growers, existing marketing channels, marketing costs, margins, price spread, producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee, marketing efficiency and constraints in the supply chain. The study was based on primary data collected from 120 Kinnow growers and market intermediaries using a structured interview schedule. The results revealed that Kinnow cultivation is mainly practised by small and medium farmers. Most respondents were in the middle-aged group (31–50 years), indicating active participation in farming and marketing activities. The literacy level was moderate, with many farmers having secondary or higher education, which supports the adoption of improved practices and better market awareness. Agriculture was the primary occupation, though some farmers had additional income sources such as dairy and business. Three marketing channels were identified: Producer → Consumer, Producer → Retailer → Consumer, and Producer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer. Among these, the second channel was most commonly used due to easy access to local markets. However, the first channel was found to be the most efficient and profitable because it involved fewer intermediaries. The third channel was mainly used for bulk sales but resulted in higher costs and lower returns to farmers. The study showed that marketing costs, margins, and price spread increased with the number of intermediaries. The producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee was highest in direct marketing and lowest in the channel involving wholesalers. The major constraints identified included price fluctuations, high transportation costs, lack of cold storage facilities, exploitation by middlemen, and poor access to market information. The study suggests improving direct marketing channels, infrastructure, and market information systems to enhance efficiency and farmers’ income.

Factors Affecting Avocado Growers' Attitudes toward Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs): A Study from Hopong Township, Southern Shan State, Myanmar

Nyein Nyein Aye, Nwaye Ei Khing Phyu, Nyein Nyein Htwe, Myo Sabai Aye — Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: This study aimed to identify the factors affecting avocado growers’ attitudes towards Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) in Hopong Township, Southern Shan State, Myanmar.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Hopong Township, Southern Shan State, Myanmar, from July 2025 to August 2025.

Methodology: A combination of purposive and random sampling methods was used to select the study area and sample respondents. Primary data were collected from 116 avocado growers through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Growers’ attitudes towards GAPs were measured using a five-point Likert scale and categorised as negative, neutral, and positive. An Ordered Probit Model was employed to determine the factors influencing growers’ attitudes towards GAPs. Marginal effect analysis was also conducted to examine the changes in probability associated with significant explanatory variables.

Results: The Ordered Probit Model revealed that age and farming experience significantly and negatively influenced growers’ attitudes towards GAPs. In contrast, educational status, contact with extension agents, and membership in avocado associations had significant positive effects on attitudes. Access to credit was also found to be statistically significant; however, the result should be interpreted cautiously because only a small proportion of respondents had access to credit. Marginal effect analysis further indicated that education, extension contact, and association membership increased the probability of positive attitudes, whereas age and farming experience increased the likelihood of negative attitudes towards GAPs.

Conclusion: This study suggests that improving farmers’ education, strengthening agricultural extension services, expanding growers’ participation in avocado associations, and enhancing access to agricultural information may promote more positive attitudes towards GAPs. These efforts may contribute to sustainable avocado production and greater adoption of GAPs among avocado growers in Myanmar.

Agricultural Regionalisation of Kannur District: A Quantitative and GIS Analysis

K. Anjali Ramesh Babu, S. R. Sreerama Naik, G. Jayapal — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Agricultural regionalisation is an important tool for understanding spatial disparities in agricultural productivity and for formulating region-specific development strategies. This study analysed agricultural regionalisation in Kannur District, Kerala, using quantitative and GIS-based approaches for the 2024-2025 agricultural year. Eleven administrative development blocks were used as analytical units. The assessment applied crop ranking, crop concentration analysis, Weaver’s crop combination method and Bhatia’s crop diversification index to identify spatial differences in crop dominance, crop association and agricultural diversification. The results show that coconut is the dominant crop in all blocks and records the highest concentration values, confirming its central role in the district’s agricultural economy. Other crops, including cashew, arecanut, mango, jackfruit, pepper, paddy, banana, tapioca, papaya and plantain, vary in rank and concentration across blocks. The crop combination analysis indicates marked spatial heterogeneity. Kannur block shows a single-crop combination based on coconut, whereas Edakkad, Kuthuparamba, Panoor and Thalassery show eleven-crop combinations. Bhatia’s diversification index also varies across the district, with the highest value in Thaliparamba (27.9) and the lowest in Kannur (1.0). These findings indicate the presence of distinct agricultural regions shaped by physical setting, land-use characteristics, crop suitability and local farming practices. The study provides block-level evidence that may support agricultural planning, resource allocation and diversification strategies in Kannur District. It also highlights the relevance of integrating quantitative indices with geospatial presentation for agricultural regionalisation.

Comparative Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Prabhjot Kaur, Hemraj Meena — Thu, 16 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major cereal crop whose productivity depends substantially on balanced and efficient nutrient management. Integrating organic nutrient sources, biofertilisers and inorganic fertilisers may improve nutrient availability, crop performance and the sustainability of wheat production. A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive rabi seasons (2024–25 and 2025–26) at the Agricultural Research Farm, School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India, to evaluate the comparative effects of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design (RBD) with twelve nutrient-management treatments comprising a control (no fertiliser or manure), 100% of the recommended dose of fertilisers (RDF), 75% RDF and different combinations of RDF with vermicompost, farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure, zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄) and Azotobacter. The results showed that integrated nutrient management significantly enhanced crop growth, yield attributes, grain and straw yields, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake compared with the control and fertiliser-only treatments. Among all treatments, 75% RDF + 1.25 t ha⁻¹ vermicompost + 20 kg ZnSO₄ ha⁻¹ + 5 kg Azotobacter ha⁻¹ (T₁₁) recorded the highest plant height, number of tillers per metre of row length, yield attributes, grain yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake during both years of experimentation. The superior performance of this treatment was attributed to the balanced and sustained nutrient supply, which improved nutrient availability and utilisation by the crop. The study indicates that combining a reduced inorganic fertiliser dose with vermicompost, zinc sulphate and Azotobacter can enhance wheat productivity and nutrient uptake under the experimental conditions of Punjab.

Financial Performance, Profitability and Break-even Analysis of Inland Fish Farming in West Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh, India

Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Inland fish farming contributes substantially to food security, rural employment, and farm income, particularly in major aquaculture-producing regions such as Andhra Pradesh. However, rising input costs and production risks necessitate a systematic assessment of profitability, financial performance, and break-even conditions at the farm level. This study assessed the financial performance, profitability, and break-even position of inland fish farming in West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. Primary data were collected from 90 inland fish farmers selected through a multistage sampling procedure during the 2021–22 agricultural year using a pre-tested structured interview schedule. The per-hectare cost and return analysis revealed that the total cultivation cost was Rs.5,97,042.94, comprising variable costs of Rs.4,07,025.85 (68.17%) and fixed costs of Rs.1,90,017.09 (31.83%), with feed accounting for the largest share of the total cost. The financial performance, evaluated using the benefit-cost ratio (1.22), operating ratio (0.56), fixed ratio (0.26), rate of return (0.22), expense structure ratio (0.47), and gross revenue ratio (0.82), indicated that inland fish farming was economically profitable and financially viable. Break-even analysis further confirmed its economic feasibility, with a break-even output of 4,325.45 kg per hectare, a break-even price of Rs.81.30 per kg, and a margin of safety of 41.09 per cent. Overall, the findings indicate that inland fish farming in the study area covered production costs and generated positive returns under the prevailing production and market conditions.

Assessment of Awareness and Knowledge on Pesticide Usage by Cauliflower Growers in Tatkon Township, Myanmar

Nwaye Ei Khing Phyu, May Myat Noe Oo, Soe Paing Oo, Htet Oo Khin, Naing Yan Hein — Sat, 18 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cauliflower production in Tatkon Township relies substantially on pesticides because the crop is vulnerable to pests that can reduce yield and quality. This study assessed pesticide-use practices and the awareness and knowledge of cauliflower growers in Kyathe Aing and Nwe Yit villages, Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory. A cross-sectional survey of 110 growers was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Awareness and knowledge were classified using index scores, while descriptive statistics summarised respondent characteristics and pesticide-use practices. Pearson’s chi-square test examined associations between socio-demographic factors and awareness and knowledge, and Pearson’s correlation analysis assessed relationships among awareness, knowledge, and practices. Most respondents had medium levels of awareness (63.64%) and knowledge (59.09%). Educational level, cauliflower-growing experience, and the frequency of visits by public extension staff were significantly associated with awareness. Farming experience, cauliflower-growing experience, and pesticide-spraying experience were significantly associated with knowledge. Awareness and knowledge were strongly and positively correlated (r = 0.831), whereas pesticide-use practices were negatively correlated with awareness (r = −0.544) and knowledge (r = −0.604). Farmers gave greater attention to preventive measures than to the proper disposal of pesticide containers, and awareness of prohibited pesticides was limited. The findings indicate a gap between awareness or knowledge and the consistent adoption of safe pesticide-use practices. Practical training, regular extension contact, and targeted guidance on protective equipment, prohibited pesticides, health risks, and container disposal are required to support safer pesticide management.

Effect of Weed Management Practices and Iron Levels on Nodulation and Yield Attributes of Kharif Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Arid Western Rajasthan

Sat, 18 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif seasons of 2024 and 2025 at the College of Agriculture, S.K. Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. The experiment comprised seven weed management practices and four iron fertilisation levels, resulting in 28 treatment combinations. These treatments were evaluated in a factorial randomised block design with three replications. Groundnut variety HNG-123, a semi-spreading (Virginia bunch) cultivar, was sown at a seed rate of 100 kg ha⁻¹ with a spacing of 30 cm × 10 cm. The results revealed that weed management practices and iron levels significantly influenced the nodulation and yield attributes of kharif groundnut. Among the weed management treatments, the weed-free treatment recorded the highest number of nodules (67.39 plant⁻¹), nodule dry weight (1.92 g plant⁻¹), pods per plant (19.95) and kernels per pod (1.98). Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ as pre-emergence followed by fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl @ 25 g a.i. ha⁻¹ at 20 DAS recorded 65.50 nodules plant⁻¹ and remained statistically at par with the weed-free treatment. In contrast, the weedy check consistently recorded the lowest values for all these parameters. Among the iron levels, the application of 6 kg FeSO₄ ha⁻¹ as a basal dose along with two foliar sprays of FeSO₄ @ 0.5% at 30 and 45 DAS significantly improved nodulation and yield attributes, recording the highest number of nodules (62.32 plant⁻¹), nodule dry weight (1.67 g plant⁻¹), pods per plant (19.02) and kernels per pod (1.57). The seed index remained statistically unaffected by weed management practices and iron levels.

Farmers' Persuasion towards ICT Tools for Agricultural Information Dissemination in Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory, Myanmar

Hnin Hnin Hlaing, Nyein Nyein Htwe, Kay Thi Khaing, Soe Paing Oo, Aye Aye Khaing — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: This study aimed to assess farmers’ persuasion towards information and communication technology (ICT) tools for agricultural information dissemination and to identify the factors influencing their attitudes within the framework of the Innovation-Decision Process.

Study Design: A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in eight townships of Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory, Myanmar, in 2025.

Methodology: A total of 400 farmers were selected using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Friedman test, and multiple linear regression analysis. A Persuasion Index (PI) was developed to classify farmers as having low, moderate, or high levels of persuasion towards ICT tools.

Results: The findings showed that farmers had an overall moderate level of persuasion towards ICT tools, although a considerable proportion exhibited low persuasion. Among the ICT platforms, TikTok, Facebook, and YouTube achieved significantly higher persuasion scores than call centres, Viber, and mobile applications (Friedman test, p < 0.001). Regression analysis indicated that the composite value of innovation characteristics was the strongest predictor of persuasion across all ICT tools (p < 0.001). Farmers’ knowledge levels and localite communication channels also had significant positive effects on persuasion, whereas cosmopolite channels showed limited influence. The explanatory power of the models varied across platforms, with R² values ranging from 0.608 for Viber to 0.828 for mobile applications, indicating that the selected factors accounted for a substantial proportion of the variation in farmers’ persuasion.

Conclusion: Farmers’ persuasion towards ICT tools remained moderate, highlighting the need to strengthen digital agricultural extension efforts in Myanmar. Improving user-friendly platform design, enhancing farmers’ digital literacy, and promoting locally relevant agricultural content may foster more favourable attitudes and encourage wider adoption of ICT-based extension services.

Effect of Seed Priming on Productivity of Rainfed Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) under South-Western Haryana

Neeraj Yadav, Neeraj, Ram Swaroop Dadarwal, Smita Kumari — Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Seed priming is a pre-sowing technique that can improve crop establishment and productivity, particularly under rainfed conditions. A field experiment was conducted during the kharif 2020 season at the Regional Research Station, Bawal, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, to evaluate the effects of seed priming treatments on the yield attributes and productivity of green gram. The experiment was arranged in a randomised block design with nine treatments and three replications. Treatments comprised hydropriming and osmopriming with 2% KNO₃, KH₂PO₄ or CaCl₂ for 4 or 8 h, together with an untreated control. Seed priming significantly improved yield attributes and yield compared with the control. The highest numerical values for branches plant⁻¹ (7.13), pods plant⁻¹ (16.27), seeds pod⁻¹ (11.31), pod length (8.70 cm), 1000-seed weight (35.94 g), seed yield (1369 kg ha⁻¹), straw yield (3183 kg ha⁻¹), biological yield (4552 kg ha⁻¹) and harvest index (30.1%) were recorded with 2% KH₂PO₄ priming for 8 h. The corresponding control values were 4.73, 10.59, 7.87, 6.43 cm, 31.10 g, 1234 kg ha⁻¹, 2910 kg ha⁻¹, 4144 kg ha⁻¹ and 29.8%, respectively. However, the 8-h KH₂PO₄ treatment was statistically at par with the other 8-h priming treatments, indicating a stronger effect of priming duration than of the priming chemical under the study conditions. Seed priming improved green gram productivity under rainfed conditions, although multi-season, multi-location and economic evaluations are required before a specific treatment is recommended for wider adoption.

Effect of Molybdenum on Nitrogen Assimilation and Oxidative Stress on Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings

Shaishavee Kanojia, Anjani Saxena — Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Molybdenum is an essential plant micronutrient that regulates nitrogen assimilation and redox metabolism, although its concentration-dependent effects in Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings remain insufficiently characterised.

Aims: This study evaluated the concentration-dependent effects of molybdenum on nitrogen assimilation, nitric oxide metabolism, antioxidant defence, and oxidative stress responses in Phaseolus vulgaris L. seedlings.

Study Design: A controlled growth-chamber experiment was conducted using four molybdenum concentrations: 0, 0.001, 0.1, and 1 mM.

Place and Duration of Study: Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Rajmah seedlings were grown for 10 days under controlled environmental conditions in acid-washed sand supplied with half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution.

Methodology: Seedling growth and biochemical responses were evaluated following molybdenum treatment. Nitrogen assimilation was assessed by measuring nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities. Nitric oxide content and the activities of major antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase, were determined in leaf and root tissues. Protein, proline, and chlorophyll contents were also analysed as indicators of metabolic and stress responses.

Results: Molybdenum produced a concentration-dependent biphasic response. Seed germination, shoot growth, and seedling vigour increased up to 0.1 mM molybdenum, which was identified as the optimum treatment, whereas 1 mM adversely affected seedling growth. Molybdenum significantly modulated nitrate reductase-associated nitrogen metabolism and nitric oxide levels in a tissue- and concentration-dependent manner. Glutamine synthetase-specific activity was highest at 0.001 mM and declined at higher concentrations. Antioxidant enzymes showed differential responses in leaves and roots. At 1 mM molybdenum, growth inhibition, together with increased root proline accumulation, indicated the development of oxidative and osmotic stress.

Conclusion: Moderate molybdenum supplementation improved growth and regulated nitrogen assimilation and redox metabolism in P. vulgaris seedlings, with 0.1 mM being the most favourable concentration under the experimental conditions. Excess molybdenum disrupted metabolic homeostasis and activated stress-related defence mechanisms.

The Influence of Financial Status on the Sustainability of Mulberry–Silkworm Farming Systems

Avleen Kour — Fri, 24 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Mulberry sericulture is a significant agro-based rural enterprise that integrates agricultural production with cottage industry-based silk processing. This study examines the financial and socio-economic dimensions of mulberry farming, focusing on its contribution to rural livelihoods, employment generation and income diversification. The analysis is based on secondary data sources and field-based observations covering mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing, cocoon production and associated value-chain activities. The findings indicate that mulberry sericulture provides a relatively stable income stream because of its short production cycle and the possibility of multiple harvests within a year. This cyclical production system enables farmers to generate periodic cash flow compared with conventional seasonal crops. The study further shows that sericulture supports intensive family labour utilisation, particularly through women’s involvement in silkworm rearing and cocoon processing, thereby contributing to household income and gender participation in rural economies. Economic assessment suggests that initial establishment costs are moderate, while operational costs remain manageable under standard farming conditions. However, profitability is influenced by disease incidence in silkworms, climatic variation, input availability and cocoon market-price fluctuations. Despite these challenges, sericulture continues to demonstrate potential as a viable rural livelihood option when supported by adequate technical guidance, institutional support and market infrastructure. The study concludes that mulberry sericulture can contribute to rural development and income stability when constraints in production and marketing systems are addressed through targeted interventions and capacity-building programmes.

Seed Oil Content and Nutrient Uptake of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Response to Sowing Time and Row Spacing at Mahendergarh, Haryana

Parveen, Ashish Shivran, R. D. Jat, Neeraj, Smita Kumari — Fri, 24 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study was conducted at the experimental farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Mahendergarh, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, during the 2024–25 Rabi season to study the effects of sowing time and row spacing on the seed oil content, nutrient content and nutrient uptake of Indian mustard. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications, comprising four sowing dates (25 September, 5 October, 15 October and 25 October) in the main plots and three row spacings (30, 45 and 60 cm) in the subplots, with RH-1424 as the test variety. Among the sowing dates, 15 October recorded the highest oil content (40.7%); N content in seed and stover (3.32% and 0.47%, respectively); P content in seed and stover (0.53% and 0.35%, respectively); and K content in seed and stover (1.07% and 1.67%, respectively), although the differences in N, P and K content among sowing dates were statistically non-significant. Sowing on 15 October also recorded the highest N, P and K uptake in seed (72.11, 11.51 and 23.24 kg ha⁻¹, respectively) and stover (30.13, 22.44 and 107.08 kg ha⁻¹, respectively), with values significantly higher than those for the other sowing dates. Among the row spacings, 45 cm recorded the highest oil content (40.2%) and N, P and K content in seed and stover, as well as the highest N, P and K uptake in seed (65.59, 10.46 and 20.72 kg ha⁻¹, respectively) and stover (27.01, 18.60 and 96.04 kg ha⁻¹, respectively). Nutrient uptake at 45 cm was significantly higher than that at 30 and 60 cm, whereas the differences in oil content and nutrient content among row spacings were largely non-significant. The findings indicate that sowing on 15 October and using a row spacing of 45 cm, considered as individual treatment effects, favoured seed oil content and nutrient uptake under the semi-arid conditions of Mahendergarh, Haryana.

Role Performance of Agro-input Dealers in Providing Agro-advisory Services to Farmers in Gaya District of Bihar, India

Sat, 25 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Role performance of agro-input dealers plays a vital role in strengthening the extension potential of agro-advisory services by facilitating the timely dissemination of agricultural information and technologies to farmers. It reflects the actual behaviour of individuals in performing their assigned responsibilities effectively. The present investigation was undertaken in Gaya district of Bihar, India, with the objective of evaluating the role performance of agro-input dealers in delivering agro-advisory services to farmers. Three blocks, namely Gaya, Manpur, and Tekari, were purposively selected based on the relatively higher concentration of agro-input dealers in these areas. A total of 320 respondents were selected through proportionate random sampling, and the required data were collected using a pre-tested interview schedule. The collected data were analysed using frequency and percentage. The findings revealed that the highest proportion of respondents (44.69%) exhibited a medium level of role performance, followed by 20.63 per cent and 15.31 per cent with very high and high levels of role performance, respectively. In contrast, only 10.31 per cent and 9.06 per cent of the respondents exhibited very low and low levels of role performance, respectively. The study concludes that the majority of agro-input dealers demonstrated medium to high levels of role performance in delivering agro-advisory services. The findings suggest that regular technical training, stronger coordination with the Department of Agriculture, periodic capacity-building programmes, and institutional support are essential for improving the advisory effectiveness of agro-input dealers.

Interactive Effect of Sulphur and Zinc Nutrients on Growth, Yield Attributes and Productivity of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt) under Rainfed Conditions

Sureshkumar M. Bambhaneeya, N. H. Garaniya, A. D. Raj — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A three-year field experiment was conducted at the College Farm, College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Bharuch, Gujarat, during the kharif seasons of 2022–23, 2023–24, and 2024–25 to evaluate the growth, yield attributes, and productivity of sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt) under rainfed conditions. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomised block design with three replications and nine treatment combinations comprising three sulphur levels (0, 20, and 40 kg S ha⁻¹) and three zinc levels (0, 2.5, and 5.0 kg Zn ha⁻¹). In the pooled analysis, sulphur at 40 kg S ha⁻¹ significantly increased plant population at 30 DAS, plant height at 30 DAS and harvest, number of cobs per plant, fresh grain weight per cob, average cob weight, green cob yield, and stover yield. Zinc at 5.0 kg Zn ha⁻¹ significantly improved fresh grain weight per cob, average cob weight, green cob yield, and stover yield; however, its effects on pooled plant population, plant height, and number of cobs per plant were non-significant. The sulphur × zinc interaction was non-significant for all measured variables. The highest pooled green cob and stover yields were 8.38 and 10.84 t ha⁻¹, respectively, with 40 kg S ha⁻¹, and 8.17 and 10.48 t ha⁻¹, respectively, with 5.0 kg Zn ha⁻¹. The results indicate that the observed crop responses were primarily associated with the independent effects of sulphur and zinc.

Evaluation of Microbial Consortia of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for the Management of Groundnut Stem Rot under Controlled Conditions

Tue, 28 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), popularly known as peanut, is one of the most important oilseed and food legume crops cultivated worldwide. However, its cultivation is severely affected by stem rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, which leads to yield losses of up to 40%. The current study focuses on the management of Sclerotium rolfsii through the combined application of Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus spp. under field conditions. A roving survey conducted in major groundnut-growing areas of Trichy district, Tamil Nadu, revealed varying levels of disease incidence (46.00%–81.00%). The stem rot pathogen and antagonists were isolated from the surveyed locations and identified using morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and 16S rDNA sequences, respectively. In vitro dual-plate assays revealed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BC-5 and Trichoderma harzianum TR-2 exhibited 82.22% and 86.66% inhibition, respectively, whereas paired-plate assays showed 78.27% and 75.55% inhibition against Sclerotium rolfsii. Scanning electron micrographs of Sclerotium rolfsii paired with effective Trichoderma and Bacillus isolates showed swollen hyphae with cell-wall damage, providing clear evidence of antagonistic interactions caused by volatile compounds produced by B. amyloliquefaciens and T. harzianum. At the field level, the combined application of effective B. amyloliquefaciens and T. harzianum performed better in reducing wilt disease incidence (77.90%) than the individual applications.

Effects of Typhoon Yagi-induced Flooding on the Farming and Coping Strategies of Rural Farmers in Zeyarthiri Township, Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory, Myanmar

Khaing Swe Oo, Kay Thi Khaing, Nyein Nyein Htwe, Htay Htay Oo — Fri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: The study assessed the effects of Typhoon Yagi-induced flooding on crop production, livestock, household assets, and rural farming livelihoods, as well as the coping mechanisms and resilience strategies adopted by affected farmers.

Research Design: A cross-sectional research design was used.

Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in August 2025 in three villages (Ywar Thit Gyi, Si Pin Tha Yar, and Htein Pin), located in three village tracts of Zeyarthiri Township, Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory, Myanmar.

Methodology: Both primary and secondary data were used. Ninety farming households were randomly selected from three villages within three purposively selected village tracts. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and means, were analysed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 23.

Results: Flooding caused severe agricultural losses, with 68.89% of farmers experiencing a complete loss of monsoon paddy yield and 71.11% reporting damage to black gram. After the flood, cattle ownership declined from 35.56% to 12.22%, while the proportion of households without livestock increased from 32.22% to 57.78%. Housing damage affected 41.11% of households, including 5.56% with 50% damage and 1.11% each with 75% and 100% damage. These effects reduced household income, delayed recovery, and adversely affected food security, health, education, and living conditions. Farmers mainly coped by reducing household expenditure, selling livestock and household assets, borrowing money, and migrating. Although short-term coping strategies predominated immediately after the flood, some farmers also adopted longer-term resilience measures, particularly crop rotation.

Conclusion: The study demonstrates that Typhoon Yagi-induced flooding was severe and had multidimensional effects on farming households in the study area.